As information integrity is increasingly used in the context of the information environment, it needs a clear definition that provides guidance on how the concept can be translated into policy. 

Companies have submitted two sets of reports for the new EU Code of Practice on Disinformation. To date, reports have only offered limited insight.

From COVID-19 misinformation to authoritarian crackdowns on democratic protests or hybrid warfare involving information manipulation, the negative impacts that crises have on the information environment can be challenging to reverse, threatening the physical safety of civilians and the democratic stability of societies.

Three criteria can help democratic governments assess whether an influence operation is acceptable or unacceptable.

There has been a surge in announced interventions to counter influence operations over the last two years. But determining their effectiveness is tricky.

Existing policy recommendations on countering influence operations have set a general course for policymakers and laid the foundation for future research, but significant gaps and needs remain.