Testimony before Canadian House of Commons, Standing Committee on Access to Information, Privacy and Ethics
Committee members, it’s an honor to appear at this important hearing.
My name is Jon Bateman. I’m a Senior Fellow and Co-Director of the Technology and International Affairs Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Carnegie is an independent, non-profit think tank with headquarters in Washington, D.C. and global centers in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East.
In recent years, democracies worldwide have grown increasingly concerned about threats to the integrity of their information environments—including misinformation, disinformation, and foreign influence. My Carnegie colleagues and I have drawn on empirical evidence to clarify the nature and extent of these threats, and to assess the promise and pitfalls of potential countermeasures.
Today I will share some overarching lessons from this research. To be clear, I am not an expert on the Canadian situation specifically, so I may not be able to give detailed answers about particular incidents or unique dynamics in your country. Instead, I will highlight key themes applicable across democracies.
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Let me start with some important foundations.
As you have already heard, misinformation can refer to any false claim, whereas disinformation implies an intentional effort to deceive. Foreign influence can be harder to define, because it requires legal or normative judgments about the boundaries of acceptable foreign participation in domestic discourse—which is sometimes unclear.
Foreign actors often use mis- and disinformation. But they also use other tools—like co-optation, coercion, overt propaganda, and even violence. These activities can pose serious threats to a country’s information integrity.
Still, it is domestic actors—ordinary citizens, politicians, activists, corporations—who are the major sources of mis- and disinformation in most democracies. This should not be surprising. Domestic actors are generally more numerous, well-resourced, politically sophisticated, deeply embedded within society, and invested in domestic political outcomes.
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Defining and differentiating these threats is hard enough. Applying and acting on the definitions is much harder.
Calling something mis- or disinformation requires invoking some source of authoritative truth. Yet people in democracies can and should disagree about what is true. Such disagreements are inevitable and essential for driving scientific progress and social change. Overzealous efforts to police the information environment can transgress democratic norms or deepen societal distrust.
However, not all factual disputes are legitimate or productive. We must acknowledge that certain malicious falsehoods are undermining democratic stability and governance around the world. A paradigmatic example is the claim that the 2020 U.S. presidential election was stolen. This is provably false, it was put forward with demonstrated bad faith, and it has deeply destabilized the country.
Mis- and disinformation are highly imperfect concepts. But they do capture something very real and dangerous that demands concerted action.
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So, what should be done? In our recent report, Dean Jackson and I surveyed a wide range of countermeasures—from fact-checking, to foreign sanctions, to adjustments of social media algorithms. Drawing on hundreds of scientific studies and other real-world data, we asked three fundamental questions: How much is known about each measure? How effective does it seem, given what we know? And how scalable is it?
Unfortunately, we found no silver bullet. None of the interventions were well-studied, very effective, and easy to scale, all the same time.
Some may find this unsurprising. After all, disinformation is an ancient, chronic phenomenon driven by stubborn forces of supply and demand. On the supply side, social structures combine with modern technology to create powerful political and commercial incentives to deceive. On the demand side, false narratives can satisfy real psychological needs. These forces are far from unstoppable. Yet policymakers often have limited resources, knowledge, political will, legal authority, and civic trust.
Thankfully, our research does suggest that many popular countermeasures are both credible and useful. The key is what we call a “portfolio approach.” This means pursuing a diversified mixture of multiple policies with varying levels of risk and reward. A healthy portfolio would include tactical actions, like fact-checking and labeling social media content, that seem fairly well-researched and effective. It would also involve costlier, longer-term bets on promising structural reforms—such as financial support for local journalism and media literacy.
Let me close by observing that most democracies do not yet have a balanced portfolio. They are underinvesting in the most ambitious reforms with higher costs and longer lead times. If societies can somehow meet the big challenges—like reviving local journalism and bolstering media literacy for the digital age—the payoff could be enormous.
Thank you, and I look forward your questions.